Your Union Rights in the United States
“Only a fool would try to deprive working men and working women of their right to join the union of their choice.”
YOU HAVE A LEGAL RIGHT TO:
Join a union.
Attend a union meeting on your own time.
Talk to a union organizer.
Declare yourself a union supporter.
Assist in forming a union.
EMPLOYERS ARE FORBIDDEN BY LAW TO:
Threaten you with discharge or punishment if you engage in union activity.
Threaten to shut down business if workers form a union.
Prevent you from soliciting members during non-working hours.
Question you about union matters, union meetings, or union supporters.
Ask how you or other workers intend to vote in an election.
Ask whether you belong to a union or have signed up to join a union.
Transfer or assign you to a less desirable work assignment because of your union activity.
Threaten to terminate your benefits because you unionize.
Threaten a layoff or loss of jobs in retaliation for voting for a union.
Right to Organize
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
-Bill of Rights, First Amendment
Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other mutual aid or protection.
-National Labor Relations Act 1935
Freedom of association guards an individual's right to become part of a group for the protection of his or her rights.(1)
It is an explicit part of the 1st Amendment, stemming from the right to peacefully assemble and petition the government.2 Its foundation is in a case where the state wanted the NAACP to divulge names of its members to the Attorney General. The Supreme Court, recognizing the freedom of association as indispensable to all Americans, unanimously stated: "effective advocacy of both public and private points of view, particularly controversial ones, is undeniably enhanced by group association... state action which may have the effect of curtailing the freedom to associate is subject to the closest scrutiny."3
It is the freedom of association which creates the possibility for citizens to win other freedoms.(4)
The freedom of association is closely linked with the right to organize. The right to organize serves many practical purposes for workers. Workers are better able to negotiate better wages, benefits, and other work-related issues. Yet there is even more to the right to organize than monetary issues.
The NLRA and the OSH Act confirmed that:
A fully human life requires, among other things, rights to meaningful work; to safe and healthful conditions of work; to pay sufficient to endure a life of human dignity for a worker and his or her family; to form and join labor organizations; and to participate in the workplace decisions affecting their lives.(5)
It is a human right for employees to have the ability to come together and strive for the better in the location where they spend most of their valuable time, the workplace. Workers spend countless hours at the job, yet there is consistently an economic advantage that can be used by the employer to keep in mind. Although the employer has the economic upper hand, workers should still be able to exercise their rights without fear.
In theory, the right to organize is preserved by the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), but that is unfortunately not always the reality.
Many groups of workers, including domestic workers, agricultural workers, managers, and supervisors are excluded from coverage. The workers who are not protected are usually in the worst position and deserve the law's refuge.6 They can be fired for trying to organize or for anything for that matter. A chief feature of union contracts is their "just cause" provision, which ensures an employer must have adequate reasons for firing an employee.
Unions play a valuable role in workers’ lives.
In 1997, according to the United States Department of Labor, union wages were 34% higher than non-union in comparable jobs.9 Moreover, unions have played a powerful part in creating gains for every person. Labor has led the movement for pension protections, minimum wages, child labor prohibition, and public education for all children.10 Unions serve an important purpose in society and act as virtually the only politically powerful group believing in and advocating for human rights.
Since it is not feasible for all of the interests of workers to be legislated, unions are essential to achieving gains such as adequate vacation time and sick leave.
Despite the fundamental human rights inherent in the right to organize, some United States laws clash with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This pact states:
Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the rights to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.(11)
With the right to organize especially pertinent in today's uncertain environment, its violation is especially disturbing. Employers are able to use the law against their employees, and employees must use their power to prevent further degradation without being afraid.
The right to organize is undermined through "right-to-work" laws.
Right-to-work laws bring up the important issue of who should pay for union services. The simplest answer would be that those who use the union services should pay for them. However, under the pretense of protecting the right to work and the right not to join a union, "right-to-work" laws are no help to workers. Unions are obligated, under the duty of fair representation, to serve those in the bargaining unit who choose not to join the union or even voted against the union. States can, if they so choose, prohibit contracts that order employees to pay a share of the CBA, but fortunately, most states have not done this.
After all, it is only fair that those that benefit from the agreement shall pay for it.14
Still, these laws do exist and can be used in an adverse manner against the union.
Supporters of "right-to-work" laws are not supporters of employee rights.
Furthermore, "right-to-work" laws hinder union growth by diminishing a union's funding as well as discouraging union support.
Steps can be taken to ensure a strong right to organize.
Since it is sometimes cheaper for employers to violate the law than to obey it, it is necessary to put a greater cost on violators of the law.
In theory, the NLRA protects the human rights of workers, yet it is set up in an unenforceable way. Section 7 needs to be enforced in a way where it is not advantageous for employers to break the rules.
Second, making sure that both sides get a chance to communicate to employees is important to give workers a chance to vote with sufficient information.
Lastly, expanding who is covered under the NLRA is imperative, because many workers are presently excluded for technicalities while they are really in desperate need of protection.15
It is clear that there are a lot of obstacles workers must overcome to get their voices heard in the workplace.
Employee's views ought to be voiced and listened to, not only for practical reasons, but for the purpose of fulfilling basic human interests, which cannot be ignored.
A key problem in U.S. labor law is that workers' struggles are often categorized as solely economic. According to international human rights expert Lance Compa, "reformulating these activities as human rights that must be respected under international law can begin a process of change."16
Employees are not using measures, such as organization and strikes, to capitalize on the profits of their employers. Rather, workers are trying to exercise their force within a system that has continuously left them in an inferior position. Their interests must be recognized as human rights, as opposed to selfish demands, if the right to organize will be as effective as it was meant to be.
“Their interests must be recognized as human rights.”
References:
www.nesl.edu/research/RSGUIDES/FIRSTAM.htm
w3.trib.com/FACT/1st.association.html
www.ernsr.org/legal.association.htm
www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/papers
Gross, James. Broken Promises of the National Labor Relations Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act: Conflicting Values and Conceptions of Rights and Justice. Chicago-Kent Law Review 1998. Volume 73:351
Compa, Lance. Unfair Advantage. Human Rights Watch, NY. August 2000. p.54
Compa, Lance. Unfair Advantage p. 10
Compa, Lance. Unfair Advantage p.54, 67
www.uwua.org/newpage22.htm
theunionworker.com/workers/why_uniom.html
www.dol.gov/ilab/public/programs/nao/LanceCompa.htm
NLRB v. MacKay Radio 304 U.S. 333
Summary of Testimony by Franklin Frazier on Trend in the Number of Strikes and Use of Permanent Strike Replacements in the 1980s
State Right to Work Laws, Lewis Maltby
NWI Statement September 8, 1994. Maltby, Lewis
Compa, Lance. www.dol.gov/dol/ilab/public/programs/nao/LanceCompa.htm
Information from http://www.workrights.org/issue_organize/ro_right_to_organize.html